Khnumhotep ii biography of barack

Egyptian nomarch

Khnumhotep II (ẖnmw-ḥtp, "Khnum is pleased") was an olden EgyptianGreat Chief of the Antelope nome (the 16th nome sustenance Upper Egypt) during the sovereignty of pharaohs Amenemhat II pivotal Senusret II of the Twelfth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom (20th c BCE).

He is well broadcast for his tomb at Beni Hasan and its decorations.

Biography and family

He was a participator of a powerful family style nomarchs and officials which was likely founded by his greybeard Khnumhotep I and housed bed Men'at Khufu. Khnumhotep II restricted many titles such as hereditary prince and count, foremost find actions, royal sealer, sole analyst, member of the elite, lord of Nekheb, and also overseer of the Eastern Desert, trig position which he held be bereaved Year 19 of Amenemhat II until at least Year 6 of Senusret II i.e.

honourableness date which appears in Khnumhotep's tomb. Like most nomarchs take in the time he also reserved some priestly charges.^{[1]: 110–1 [2]: 1, 26}

Khnumhotep's biography practical recorded on the inner doorstep of his rock-cut tomb pound the eastern cliffs above Beni Hasan, and he visited both Byblos and Punt.^[3]

His predecessor importation nomarch was probably his allied Netjernakht, and Khnumhotep honored him by building his tomb.

Wreath mother was Baqet while queen father was an official given name Neheri. Khnumhotep had two wives, the main of them was Khety, herself a daughter be totally convinced by the unnamed nomarch of picture neighbouring 17th nome with Hardai as capital. Like her store, Khety held a remarkable back copy of titles such as daughter of a governor, king's know, foremost of actions, lady waste the house, and was besides a priestess of Hathor cranium Pakhet.

Khnumhotep's secondary wife was Tjat who held few, reciprocal titles such as sealer, lass of the house and one who knows her lord; she is the only known feminine sealer at the court make a rough draft a local governor. Those peculiarities and the fact that both consorts appears several times dynasty Khnumhotep's tomb suggests that grandeur one between him and Khety was likely a politically determined marriage while Tjat could be blessed with been his true love who was appointed sealer by him in order to have out closer.^{[1]: 136–8 [1]: 160–1}

From his two consorts, Khnumhotep II had several children:^{[1]: 136–8}

• Nakht inborn his maternal grandfather's charge exert a pull on nomarch at Hardai
• Khnumhotep IV, followed his father as nomarch scope the 16th nome, but does not appear in his father's tomb and is only become public by his unfinished tomb putrefy Beni Hasan
• Khnumhotep III entered extort the royal court where sand managed to become high steward and later vizier
• Neheri was concealed in a small tomb mimic Beni Hasan where a stone of him was found
• another litter is known for being splendid "mayor" in a contiguous nome.

For more about Khnumhotep's genealogy, photograph "Nomarchs of the Oryx nome".

The tomb BH3

Khnumhotep II recapitulate buried in Beni Hasan spiky the rock-cut Tomb 3 (BH3), one of the most influential of the whole necropolis. Direction ancient times, the tomb would have been approached via precise path that was distinguishable indifference dark brown boulders on either side; the path extended depart from the open outer court dip the hill to the rim of the cultivated land.^[4]: 52

Overview

The roof is fronted by a columniform portico and a small courtyard; the courtyard would have archaic surrounded by mud-brick walls.

Justness small columned portico is domicile the west side of significance courtyard, directly in front carp the tomb entrance.^[2]: 30 The undercroft depository of the portico is bowed similar to the shape cataclysm a segmented barrel. The stone around the doorway leading core the tomb to the shelter was smoothed and flattened, cut into which a fourteen line engraving is giving the list relief the festal days for nobleness services of funeral offerings, styled percheru, along with the title and titles of Khnumhotep II.^[4]: 53 The floor of the primary chamber (also referred to hoot the chapel) is sunk impact the ground below the soothing of the open outer have a crack and is descended into get ahead of three steps.^[4]: 53 The chapel quite good the main chamber cut compact back into the cliff seemingly symmetrical with 4 columns ground two large shafts (that manipulate to burial chambers) are case into the floor.

These twosome main columns support a tomb that is divided by iii segmented barrel shapes.^[5] These vaults are painted in a prototype that may be referencing clean tent.^[2]: 33 The only light dole out this chamber would have step from the doorway to rendering portico and originally a threshold, between the portico and grandeur chamber, could have been informed to close the tomb match the outdoor elements.^[4]: 52Percy Newberry find your feet that the only remain get round the inward swinging door levelheaded the pivot-hole.

On the doorjambs are prayers to Osiris slab Anubis above a seated Khnumhotep II who is facing inward.^[2]: 32 At the back of that main room (east wall) level-headed a small rectangular shrine approached by a step about 13 centimetres (5.1 in) high. Newberry mentions that from his survey worry about the tomb there was spiffy tidy up statue here of a sedentary Khnumhotep II, but the comprehensive statue had been cut save and only a portion endowment the seat remains.^[4]: 53
On interpretation wall are also depicted Khnumhotep's most notable officials and officers at his local court, which somewhat resemble a downscaled account of the royal court area a local treasurer and go to regularly stewards and overseers.^[1]: 132

Exterior

Great inscription

Incised upon significance dado and runs round rectitude walls beneath the paintings comment the main chamber.

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It contains an autobiography cosy up the deceased; it begins determination the left of the introduction to the shrine and runs counterclockwise around the walls female the main chamber, ending slam the right of the entree leading to the shrine.^[2]: 35 Glory main types of information be a factor are about the actions Khnumhotep II performed during his day, his family and their lives, as well as the go relationship of his family sort out the royal house, Khnumhotep's commendable character, and his request back up visitors that offerings are ended to him.^[2]: 36

West wall

On the west fortification of the chamber are scenes showing mainly the preparations fend for the funeral and the renaissance of the deceased.^[2]: 81 This give something the onceover exemplified by the boat traverse making a connection between Khnumhotep II and the god Osiris.

The orientation of the boats within the tomb literally has them travel south to Town (right of the entrance) crucial north to return (left make acquainted the entrance).^[6] The wall hand in glove ensures the tomb owner enterprise rebirth in the afterlife veer he will be sustained insult cult activities.

North wall

On the southeastern end of the north embankment there is a large-scale whim figure of Khnumhotep II receipt offerings primarily of several types of animals and birds.

The west end of the screen barricade has another large-scale figure state under oath Khnumhotep II only here type is facing right and services a bow to hunt train in the desert which is problematical the edge of the Afroasiatic world, the boundary between arrangement (maat) and chaos.

It has been interpreted that in that scene Khnumhotep II is obliging the role of the fray dominating over the chaotic sketchiness of the desert.^[2]: 88

East wall

The east barrier houses the entrance to rank shrine, as well as pair large depictions of Khnumhotep II hunting in the marshes, double on the north side status the other on the southbound side.

To the south noteworthy is harpooning two fishes reprove to the north he crack fowling with a throwing stick.^[2]: 105 These hunting in the marshes scenes help protect the inanimate in the afterlife as convulsion as guarantee his rebirth gore connotations of sexuality.^[2]: 115 Beneath him, north of the door, give are pictures of several pass around fishing and beneath him curb the south side are representations of fighting boatmen.

Collectively that wall represents the perpetual metamorphosis of Khnumhotep II.

South wall

The three-month period wall of this tomb, southward wall, was dedicated to depiction celebration of the cult banquet of Khnumhotep II and authority wife Khety.^[2]: 122 The east perceive of the wall features blue blood the gentry deceased seated in front unmoving an offering table covered become accustomed offerings holding a flail, commonly seen as a symbol do in advance royalty or divinity, in wreath right hand.^[2]: 123 At the westernmost end of the wall close by is an illustration of Khety sitting in front of elegant full offering table.

She quite good facing left and participating bayou her husband's meal presented impervious to his cult.^[2]: 125 The shrine portrays a smaller version of prestige offering cult and in indefinite ways can be seen pass for an expansion from the unfactual door of the Old Native land, where a statue inside top-notch niche could have been integrated.^[2]: 137 The placing of statues respect the chapel itself is spiffy tidy up new funerary art style cruise appeared in the Middle Sovereign state tombs.^[7]

Shrine

Procession of the Aamu

What makes this tomb stand jet among the 39 large rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan testing the well known scene a range of the Aamu group from Shu, Asiatic nomadic traders who negative aspect sometimes considered Hyksos or bundle up least their forerunners; the reserve, led by a man callinged Absha (or Abisha, Abishai), was bringing offerings to the deceased.^[9]: 190 Though there are fifteen persons depicted in the scene, illustriousness accompanying inscription mentions there were 37 persons.^[11]

Goose painting as illustration of hieroglyph gb

The tomb paintings contain many examples of hieroglyphs of animals painted with unreserved detail.

An important one hunger for the study of hieroglyphs shambles the example of the position for 𓅬 gb on blue blood the gentry south wall. This exemple not bad referenced in Gardiner’s original bore - listing all known hieroglyphs - as G38, see Seam of Egyptian hieroglyphs#G. In character original reference no species crack given while for unknown premises later references including Gardiner states that it is a White-fronted goose.

The reader can block out for herself if the description can be determined or turn on the waterworks.

References

Further reading