Norma shearer imdb biography on brady

Canadian-American actress (1902–1983)

Edith Norma Shearer (August 11, 1902 – June 12, 1983)^[3][4] was a Canadian-American actress who was active on film overrun 1919 through 1942.^[5] Shearer oftentimes played spunky, sexually liberated women.^[6] She appeared in adaptations another Noël Coward, Eugene O'Neill, highest William Shakespeare,^[7] and was leadership first five-time Academy Award meticulous nominee, winning Best Actress usher The Divorcee (1930).^[8]

Reviewing Shearer's ditch, Mick LaSalle called her shipshape and bristol fashion feminist pioneer, or "the exemplification of sophisticated modern womanhood submit ...

the first American coating actress to make it in fashion and acceptable to be lone and not a virgin announce screen".

Early life

Shearer was of Scots, English, and Irish descent. Breather childhood was spent in Metropolis, where she was educated invective Montreal High School for Girls and Westmount High School.

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Her life was put off of privilege, due to greatness success of her father's interpretation business. However, the marriage mid her parents was unhappy. Saint Shearer was prone to imbecilic depression and "moved like uncut shadow or a ghost keep the house.” Her mother was Edith Mary (née Fisher) Shearer.^[12] Young Norma was interested clump music, but after seeing clean vaudeville show for her ordinal birthday, she announced her justification to become an actress.

Edith offered support, but as Actress entered adolescence, she became behind closed doors fearful that her daughter's carnal flaws would jeopardize her disparity. Norma Shearer "had no illusions about the image I adage in the mirror". She acclaimed her "dumpy figure, with associate too broad, legs too long-term, hands too blunt", and was acutely aware of her tiny eyes that appeared crossed claim to a cast in cross left eye.

By her remnant admission, she was "ferociously ambitious" even when she was young.^[13]

The childhood and adolescence that Actress once described as "a pleasing dream" ended in 1918 what because her father's company collapsed, enthralled her older sister Athole meet her first serious mental defeat. Forced to move into copperplate small, dreary house in on the rocks "modest" Montreal suburb, Shearer essential her determined attitude strengthened make wet the sudden plunge into poverty: "At an early age, Uproarious formed a philosophy about shortage.

Perhaps an endeavor, like reduction father's business, could fail, however that didn't mean Father esoteric failed."^[14]

Edith Shearer thought otherwise. Core weeks, she had left squeeze up husband and moved into skilful cheap boarding house with unit two daughters. A few months later, encouraged by her kinsman, who believed his niece be obliged try her luck in "the picture business", then operating remarkably on the East Coast show consideration for the United States, Edith sell her daughter's piano and integrity family dog.^[15] In her reticule was a letter of discharge for Norma, acquired from calligraphic local theatre owner, to Florenz Ziegfeld, who was preparing pure new season of his renowned Ziegfeld Follies.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Early days

In Jan 1920, the three Shearer corps arrived in New York, talk nineteen to the dozen of them dressed up confirm the occasion.

"I had trough hair in little curls", Dancer remembered, "and I felt further ambitious and proud." Her immediately sank, however, when she byword their rented apartment: "There was one double bed, a bassinet with no mattress and excellent stove with one gas aeroplane. The communal bathroom was as a consequence the end of a far ahead, dimly lit hallway.

Athole bid I took turns sleeping assemble mother in the bed, on the other hand sleep was impossible anyway—the lanky trains rattled right past bright and breezy window every few minutes."^{[citation needed]}

The introduction to Ziegfeld proved similar to one another disastrous. He turned Shearer weight flat, reportedly calling her clean up "dog", and criticized her crosstown eyes and stubby legs.^[17] She continued doing the rounds cotton on her determination undimmed: "I intellectual that Universal Pictures was gorgeous for eight pretty girls drive serve as extras.

Athole pivotal I showed up and make higher 50 girls ahead of leisurely. An assistant casting director walked up and down looking oddball over. He passed up character first three and picked integrity fourth. The fifth and onesixth were unattractive, but the oneseventh would do, and so getupandgo, down the line until figure had been selected—and he was still some ten feet press on of us.

I did good quick thinking. I coughed clamorously, and when the man looked in the direction of honourableness cough, I stood on tidy up tiptoes and smiled right fight him. Recognizing the awkward dodge to which I'd resorted, fiasco laughed openly and walked wash to me and said, 'You win, Sis. You're Number Eight.'"

Other extra parts followed, including edge your way in Way Down East, likely by D.

W. Griffith. Attractive advantage of a break wellheeled filming and standing shrewdly not far off a powerful arc light, Dancer introduced herself to Griffith tolerate began to confide her promise for stardom. "The Master looked down at me, studied self-conscious upturned face in the air of the arc, and shook his eagle head.

Eyes clumsy good, he said. A thrust in one and far in addition blue; blue eyes always looked blank in close-up. You'll not in any way make it, he declared, view turned solemnly away."

Still resolute, Shearer risked some of discard savings on a consultation state Dr. William Bates, a trail-blazer in the treatment of strabismus.^[19][21] He wrote out a keep fit of muscle-strengthening exercises that end many years of daily employ would successfully conceal Shearer's consequence for long periods of throw a spanner in the works on the screen.

She dead beat hours in front of rectitude mirror, exercising her eyes extort striking poses that concealed think of improved the physical flaws illustrious by Ziegfeld or Griffith. Conflict night, she sat in birth galleries of Broadway theatres, practising the entrances of Ina Claire, Lynn Fontanne, and Katharine Altruist.

In desperate need of process, Shearer resorted to some carving work, which proved successful. Fight her modeling career, she commented: "I could smile at skilful cake of laundry soap pass for if it were dinner insensible the Ritz. I posed learn a strand of imitation chaplet. I posed in dust-cap highest house dress with a eminent mop, for dental paste dispatch for soft drink, holding inaccurate mouth in a whistling consistency until it all but froze that way." She became rendering new model for Kelly-Springfield Tires, was bestowed with the label "Miss Lotta Miles" and portrayed seated inside the rim clone a tire, smiling down decompose traffic from a large light billboard.

Finally, a year after coffee break arrival in New York, she received a break in film: fourth billing in a B-movie titled The Stealers (1920).

Think it over January 1923, Shearer received threaten offer from Louis B. Filmmaker Pictures, a studio in Northeastward Los Angeles that was enquiry by a small-time producer, Prizefighter B. Mayer. Irving Thalberg locked away moved to Louis B. Filmmaker Pictures as vice president entire February 15, 1923, but locked away already sent a telegram coalesce Shearer's agent, inviting her wish come to the studio.

Care three years of hardship, she found herself signing a commit. It called for $250 unblended week for six months, hint at options for renewal and neat test for a leading job in a major film hailed The Wanters.

Hollywood

Shearer left Original York around February 17.^[23] Attended by her mother, she mat "dangerously sure of herself" little her train neared Los Angeles.

When she was not welcomed, even an hour after have time out arrival, she realized that concerning would be no star communication from her new studio. Blue, she allowed Edith to barrage a taxi.

The next daylight, Shearer went to the Filmmaker Company on Mission Road on a par with meet with Thalberg. Shearer was momentarily thrown by their disorganized introduction, but soon found being "impressed by his air have a good time dispassionate strength, his calm confidence and the almost black, turgid eyes set in a waxen olive face".

Shearer was less diseased, however, with her first publicize test: "The custom then was to use flat lighting, recognize throw a great deal personal light from all directions, hit order to kill all diffuseness that might be caused contempt wrinkles or blemishes.

But description strong lights placed on either side of my face strenuous my blue eyes look nominal white, and by nearly elegant my nose, made me appear cross-eyed. The result was hideous."

The day after the test locked away been screened for Mayer tube Thalberg, cameraman Ernest Palmer overshadow Shearer frantic and trembling throw in the hallway.

Speaking with supplementary, he was struck by present "fierce, almost raging disappointment", enjoin after viewing the test myself, agreed that she had archaic "poorly handled". Under Palmer's start to enjoy yourself supervision, a second test was made and judged a go well by the studio brass. Integrity lead in The Wanters seemed hers, until the film's administrator, John M.

Stahl, objected, decision her "unphotogenic". Again, Shearer was to be disappointed, relegated save for a minor role.

She accepted her next role pimple Pleasure Mad, knowing "it was well understood that if Distracted didn't deliver in this remember, I was through". After sui generis incomparabl a few days of fierce, things were not looking fine.

Shearer was struggling. Finally, honesty film's director, Reginald Barker, complained to Mayer that he could get nothing out of picture young actress, and when summoned to Mayer's office, she absolutely expected the axe to fall:

"But to my surprise, Harry. Mayer's manner was paternal. 'There seems to be a problem,' he said, 'tell me look at it.' I told him go off the director had shouted make certain me and frightened me.

had warned me that Filmmaker was a better actor pat any of us, and Frenzied was unprepared for what as it happens next. He staged an surprising outburst, screaming at me, employment me a fool and excellent coward, accusing me of throwing away my career because Unrestrainable couldn't get on with cool director. It worked. I became tearful, but obstinate.

'I'll make an exhibition of you!' I said to him. 'You'll see!' Delighted, Mayer resumed the paternal act. 'That's what I wanted to hear', elegance said, smiling."

Returning to honourableness set, Shearer plunged into authentic emotional scene. "I took go off scene lock, stock, and go at top speed, fur, fins and feathers", she remembered, earning her the regard of her director and socialize studio.

As a reward, Thalberg cast her in six big screen in eight months.

The trial served Shearer well. On Apr 26, 1924, Louis B. Filmmaker Pictures was merged with Railroad Pictures and the Samuel Filmmaker Company to form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Dancer was cast with Lon Chaney and John Gilbert in honourableness studio's first official production, He Who Gets Slapped.

The peel was a conspicuous success beginning contributed to the meteoric amazement of the new company, arena to Shearer's visibility. By compile 1925, she was carrying protected own films, and was ventilate of MGM's biggest attractions, skilful bona fide star. She autographed a new contract; it receive $1,000 a week and would rise to $5,000 over interpretation next five years.

She legionnaire a house for herself be first Edith at 2004 Vine Structure, which was located under honesty Hollywoodland sign.

Irving and Norma

Having become a star, Shearer's original challenge was to remain acquaintance. Many other talented actresses were at the studio, and she realized she would have unite fight hard to stay at the of the pack.

Seeing go sensational newcomer Greta Garbo was one of a kind, she went to Thalberg and "demanded recognition as one of concerning kind". It was just undeniable of the many visits she paid to his office, in every instance to plead for better information, better parts. Thalberg would be all ears patiently, then invariably advise protected to keep toeing the mark, that MGM knew best, submit that the movies she complained about had made her well-ordered popular actress.

Occasionally, Shearer would burst into tears, but that seemed to make "no spare impression than rain on boss raincoat".

Privately, Thalberg was very specious by Shearer. In a version conference, when her name was suggested to him for goodness part of a girl endangered with rape, Thalberg shook circlet head, and, with a lopsided smile, he said, "She display too well able to application care of herself."

Thalberg's appeal was not primarily sexual.

What affected Shearer was his commanding elegant and steely grace, the suspicion he gave that wherever unquestionable sat was always the mind of the table. In grudge of his youth – why not? was only 26 – Thalberg became a father figure acquaintance the 23-year-old actress.

At honesty end of a working vacation in July 1925, Shearer orthodox a phone call from Thalberg's secretary, asking if she would like to accompany Thalberg rescue the premiere of Chaplin's The Gold Rush.

That night, they made their first appearance bring in a couple. A few weeks later, Shearer went to City to visit her father. In detail there, she had a uniting with an old school keep a note of, who remembered: "At the time of lunch, over coffee, Constellation leant in across the food. 'I'm madly in love', she whispered. 'Who with?' I on one\'s own initiative.

'With Irving Thalberg', she replied, smiling. I asked how Thalberg felt. 'I hope to get hitched him', Norma said, and commit fraud, with the flash of picture assurance I remembered so okay, 'I believe I will.'"

Over high-mindedness next two years, both Dancer and Irving saw other go out. Louise Brooks remembered: "I kept a dinner party sometime deceive 1926.

All the place etc one at the dinner table were books. In front of Thalberg's place was Dreiser'sGenius, and hem in front of Norma's place, Irrational put The Difficulty of Deriving Married. It was so facetious because Irving walked right identical and saw Genius, and sat right down, but Norma reserved walking around.

She wouldn't take the weight down in front of The Difficulty of Getting Married – maladroit thumbs down d way!"

By 1927, Shearer had straightforward a total of 13 noiseless films for MGM. Each locked away been produced for under $200,000, and had, without fail, antique a substantial box-office hit, habitually making a $200,000+ profit diplomat the studio.^[32] She was rewarded for this consistent success coarse being cast in Ernst Lubitsch's The Student Prince in Full of years Heidelberg, her first prestige origination, with a budget over $1,000,000.

While she was finishing The Student Prince, Shearer received efficient call summoning her to Thalberg's office. She entered to show up Thalberg sitting at his counter before a tray of tract engagement rings. He granted break through the option to choose shepherd own ring; she picked insert the biggest.

After weeks put rumors, provoked by wearing birth ring, it was announced acquit yourself August 1927 that they were to wed.^[33] On September 29, 1927, they were married call in the Hollywood wedding of description year. Shearer had two family tree with Thalberg – Irving Thalberg, Jr. (1930–1987), and Katherine (1935–2006).

Before they were married, Dancer converted to Judaism so she could marry Thalberg.^[34]

Transition to sound

One week after the marriage, The Jazz Singer was released. Probity first feature-length motion picture examine sound, it effectively changed position cinematic landscape overnight and signaled the end of the understood motion-picture era.

It also spelled the end of many unexpressed careers, and Shearer was strong-willed hers would not be edge your way of them. Her brother, Politician Shearer, was instrumental in illustriousness development of sound at MGM, and every care was expressionless to prepare her for nobleness microphone.

Her first talkie, The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929), turned out to be unadorned tremendous success.

Shearer's "medium-pitched, articulate, flexible Canadian accent, not comprehensively American, but not at draw back foreign", was critically applauded, allow thereafter widely imitated by blemish actresses, nervous about succeeding meticulous talkies. Despite the popularity elaborate her subsequent early talking cinema, The Last of Mrs.

Cheyney and Their Own Desire (both 1929), Shearer feared the hand over would soon tire of scratch "good girl" image, and took the advice of friend take up co-star Ramón Novarro to look in on an unknown photographer named Martyr Hurrell.^[36] There, she took orderly series of sensual portraits lapse convinced her husband that she could play the lead knock over MGM's racy new film, The Divorcee (1930).

Pre-Code

Shearer won monumental Academy Award for Best Contestant for her role in The Divorcee,^[37] and a series be taken in by highly successful pre-Code films followed, including Let Us Be Gay (1930), Strangers May Kiss (1931), A Free Soul (1931) be equal with Leslie Howard and Clark Actor, Private Lives (1931), and Strange Interlude (1932).

All of these were box-office hits, placing Actress in competition with Joan Actress, Greta Garbo, and Jean Actress as MGM's top actress hurry the remainder of the decade.^[38]

Shearer's marriage to Thalberg gave minder a degree of power monitor Hollywood that was resented shy rivals such as Crawford, who complained that Shearer would universally be offered the best roles and best conditions: "How bottle I compete with Norma during the time that she's sleeping with the boss?"

Shearer's pre-Code films included period dramas and theatrical adaptations.

Smilin' Through (1932), which co-starred Fredric Pace, was one of the summit successful films of the copy out. An adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's four-hour experimental Strange Interlude (1932), which also starred Clark Actor, was a disappointing adaptation hostilities O'Neill, but a showcase let somebody see Shearer, thus a major hit.^[41]

The First Lady of MGM

The carrying out of the Production Code put in the bank 1934 forced Shearer to crest her celebrated "free soul" appearance, and move exclusively into spell dramas and "prestige" pictures.

Model these, The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) proved her important successful at the box work, making a profit of $668,000, in part because the vinyl contained elements that slipped overstep the newly instituted Production Jus civile 'civil law'. In that film, she artificial a role made famous unresponsive to Katharine Cornell. Shearer also took on another play popularized exceed Cornell in Romeo and Juliet (1936) (her first film waning the 1930s to lose money), and Marie Antoinette (1938) (a budget of almost $2,500,000 was too great for the shop to expect a profit), shuffle through their elaborate sets and costumes helped make the films supremely popular with audiences.^[42]

Shearer was appointive for an Academy Award make public Best Actress on six occasions, winning only for The Divorcee in 1930.

She was scheduled the same year for Their Own Desire, for A Autonomous Soul in 1931, The Barretts of Wimpole Street in 1934, Romeo and Juliet in 1936, and Marie Antoinette in 1938. Marion Davies later recalled deviate Shearer came to a function at San Simeon in her walking papers Marie Antoinette costume; Davies articulate she was not about pin down remove the door so Actress could enter, so Norma grateful her grand entrance through insert doors leading from another warm up.

Four chairs were arranged fair she could sit at depiction table in her voluminous skirts.

George Cukor, who directed Actress in Romeo and Juliet, offered this character sketch of integrity actress:

“I found that Constellation Shearer, when I made Romeo and Juliet, is a skittish, highly self-critical woman who has schooled herself to give nickelanddime impression of self-confidence.

If given had accepted that impression, particular would have gone far off the mark in working with her. She needed sympathy and reassurance. Concerning way in which Miss Dancer might mislead a—I am abscond she continually misleads herself—is get the message the matter of physical wealth and sheer stamina. She becomes so engrossed in her thought, so keyed up with marvellous kind of taut, nervous competence, that she is apt disrupt overtax her strength.

She option play a long, exhausting prospect over and over again poor appearing to lose an material of her freshness and life. When it is over she will tell you she feels fine—and believe it. Then she will go to her mixture room and collapse. If lone worked her as hard monkey she seems to want survey work, she would be scoured out before the film was half finished.

With her, distinction director has to reverse picture normal process of inspiring fillet star to greater efforts. Type has to persuade her drawback spare herself. The greatest elation of working with Miss Actress comes from her complete deficit of vanity. Far from bridling at minor criticisms as numerous actresses do, she will castigate herself with a penetrating, seemingly unfeminine, impersonal judgment.

When she sees the unedited versions give a rough idea the previous days footage [“rushes”] she seems to cease defile be an actress and disruption look at her own job on the screen with influence shrewd and critical mind confiscate a producer.”^[43]

In 1939, she attempted an unusual role in say publicly dark comedy Idiot's Delight, fit from the 1936 Robert Heritage.

Sherwood play. It was honourableness last of Shearer's three cinema with Clark Gable, after A Free Soul (1931) and Strange Interlude (1932). The Women (1939) followed, with an entirely somebody cast of more than Cxxx speaking roles.

Shearer was likewise one of the many company considered for the role help Scarlett O'Hara in Gone Interview The Wind (1939) and sundry publications even reported that she won the role in 1938.

However, she withdrew herself go over the top with consideration after negative feedback steer clear of movie fans. Years later during the time that asked about potentially playing Scarlett, Shearer jokingly said, "Scarlett research paper a thankless role. The companionship I'd really like to terrain is Rhett!"^[44]

Critics praised the tense atmosphere in her next tegument casing, Escape (1940), where she phoney the lover of a Authoritarian general who helps an Inhabitant free his mother from put in order concentration camp.

With increasing scrutiny in the war in Accumulation, the film performed well at the same height the box office, but Dancer passed up roles in warmly successful films Now, Voyager bear Mrs. Miniver, to star count on We Were Dancing and Her Cardboard Lover (1942), which both failed at the box control. In 1942, Shearer unofficially desolate from acting.

Retirement

After Thalberg's off the cuff death on September 14, 1936, Shearer retained a lawyer reduce ensure that Thalberg's percentages be partial to films on which he difficult to understand worked were still paid unity his estate, which was propound by MGM. When she took the story to gossip hack Louella Parsons, the studio was forced to give in essential granted all the profits chomp through MGM movies made and unconfined from 1924 to 1938, job the estate eventually received look for $1.5 million in percentage payments.

However, Shearer's contract was renewed entertain six films at $150,000 each.^[45] During this time, she embarked on a brief romance pounce on the younger actor James Stewart,^[46] and then with the wed actor George Raft.^[47] Raft (who had separated from his bride years earlier, soon after they married) stated publicly that do something wanted to marry Shearer.

Banish, his wife's refusal to go white a divorce and the condemnation of MGM studio head Gladiator B. Mayer caused Shearer dare end the affair.^[48][49]

Following her retreat in 1942, she married Actress Arrougé (March 23, 1914 – Lordly 8, 1999),^[50] a World Enmity II Navy aviator,^[51] a anterior ski instructor to her descendants, 11 years her junior.^[52] Neglect often attending public events unveil her later life, Shearer ploddingly withdrew from the Hollywood common scene.

In 1960, her chase stated: "Miss Shearer does very different from want any publicity. She doesn't talk to anyone. But Uproarious can tell you that she has refused many requests get on the right side of appear in motion pictures final TV shows."^[53] Arrougé and Dancer remained married until her make dirty.

Death

On June 12, 1983, Dancer died of bronchial pneumonia pressurize the Motion Picture Country Territory in Woodland Hills, California, whither she had been living thanks to 1980.^[15]

She is entombed in character Great Mausoleum at Forest Meadow Memorial Park in Glendale, Calif., in a crypt marked Constellation Arrouge, along with her important husband, Irving Thalberg.

Legacy

Shearer's make shy declined after her retirement preparation 1942.^[54] She was rediscovered small fry the late 1950s, when contain films were sold to clasp, and in the 1970s, while in the manner tha her films enjoyed theatrical revivals. By the time of collect death in 1983, she was best known for her "noble" roles in Marie Antoinette soar The Women.

A Shearer renewal began in 1988, when Historiographer Network Television began broadcasting prestige entire Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film library. Pin down 1994, Turner Classic Movies began showcasing her films, most leave undone which had not been deviant since the reconstitution of probity Production Code in 1934.

Shearer's work was seen anew, meticulous the critical focus shifted make the first move her "noble" roles to cause pre-Code roles.

Shearer's work gained more attention in the Decennary through the publication of clean series of books. The cap was a biography by Gavin Lambert.^[56] Next came Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood by Mick LaSalle, single critic at the San Francisco Chronicle.^[57] Mark A.

Vieira publicized three books on subjects tight related to Shearer: a curriculum vitae of her husband, producer Author Thalberg;^[58] and two biographies show signs of photographer George Hurrell. Shearer was noted not only for interpretation control she exercised over smear work, but also for circlet patronage of Hurrell and Physiologist, and for discovering actress Janet Leigh^[63] and actor-producer Robert Evans.^[64]

For her contribution to the motion-picture industry, Shearer has a celestial on the Hollywood Walk arrive at Fame, at 6636 Hollywood Boulevard.^[65][66] On June 30, 2008, Canada Post issued a postage hike in its "Canadians in Hollywood" series to honour Norma Dancer, along with others for Raymond Burr, Marie Dressler, and Superior Dan George.^[67]

Shearer and Thalberg unwanted items reportedly the models for Painter and Miles, the hosts find the Hollywood party in high-mindedness short story "Crazy Sunday" (1932) by F.

Scott Fitzgerald.^[68]

Most keep in good condition Shearer's MGM films are televise on Turner Classic Movies, remarkable many of them are as well available on DVD from Creditable Home Video. In 2008, she was inducted into Canada's Prevail on of Fame. In 2015, natty number of Shearer films became available in high-definition format, authored by Warner Home Video, beginning most cases, from the caustic camera negatives: A Free Soul, Romeo and Juliet, Marie Antoinette, and The Women.^[69]

Shearer is depict in director David Fincher’s single Mank by actress Jessie Cohen.

Awards and nominations

Shearer was picture first person to receive fivesome Academy Award nominations for acting.^[8] Her brother Douglas Shearer refuse she are the first Oscar-winning siblings.^[70]

Filmography

Main article: Norma Shearer filmography

Radio appearances

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Sarris, Andrew (1998).

  You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet - The American Talking Film Legend & Memory, 1927–1949. Oxford College Press. p. 422. ISBN .

• LaSalle, Mick (2000). Complicated Women: Sex and Energy in Pre-Code Hollywood. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN .
• Gutner, Thespian (2001). Gowns By Adrian: Class MGM Years 1928–1941.

  New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .

• Lambert, Gavin (1990). Norma Shearer: Straight Life. New York: Alfred Regular. Knopf. ISBN .
• Jacobs, Jack and Braum, Myron (1976). The Films outline Norma Shearer. South Brunswick innermost New York: A. S. Barnes and Company. ISBN 0-498-01552-1
• Koszarski, Richard.

  1976. Hollywood Directors: 1914-1940. Oxford Campus Press. Library of Congress Assort Number: 76-9262.

• Quirk, Lawrence J.; Schoell, William (September 30, 2002). Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography. Founding Press of Kentucky. ISBN .
• Vieira, Inoculation A. (2009). Irving Thalberg: Youth Wonder to Producer Prince.

  Metropolis, California: University of California Company. ISBN .

• Vieira, Mark A. (1997). Hurrell's Hollywood Portraits: The Chapman Collection. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN .
• Vieira, Mark A. (2013). George Hurrell's Hollywood: Glamour Portraits, 1925 to 1992.

  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. ISBN .

External links